The COVID-19 pandemic exogenously hit many economies early 2020. Exploiting treatment heterogeneity, we use a conditional difference-in-differences design to causally identify how COVID-19 impacted firms'…
We show that in school systems with grade retention or redshirting birth cohort size is negatively related to the grade-level share of students who are too old for their grade. This compositional effect gives…
Exploiting the staggered implementation of board gender quotas in Europe, this study examines their effect on firms’ environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. I find that firms’ environmental and…
