Information and communication technologies (ICT) are generally believed to have significant potential to reduce energy intensity. In contrast to previous empirical studies, which have relied on aggregated data,…
We show that in school systems with grade retention or redshirting birth cohort size is negatively related to the grade-level share of students who are too old for their grade. This compositional effect gives…
Healthcare systems worldwide face increasing nurse shortages, but the consequences remain poorly understood. This paper studies how nurse scarcity in hospitals affects care provision and patient health. I…
