We show that in school systems with grade retention or redshirting birth cohort size is negatively related to the grade-level share of students who are too old for their grade. This compositional effect gives…
Healthcare systems worldwide face increasing nurse shortages, but the consequences remain poorly understood. This paper studies how nurse scarcity in hospitals affects care provision and patient health. I…
Among the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic were disruptions to household finances.U.S. households were buffeted by many negative shocks, such as inflation, unemployment, investment or business losses, or…
