Economic theory suggests that managers’ investment behavior differs from that of owners. On the one hand, managers might under-invest into R&D compared to owners for reasons of risk. R&D projects are typically…
Patent-based measures are the most frequently used indicators in empirical research on innovation and technological change. In particular, patent forward citations have become an established measure for the…
Many studies found that women-owned firms underperform when comparing performance indicators at an aggregate level. The performance gap might be attributed to gender differences in personal and firm…