The steel industry is one of the hardest sectors to decarbonise. In the United States, a lower-emission steelmaking technology has spread widely over the past four decades – yet established steelworks rarely…
By extending carbon pricing to buildings and road transport through ETS2, the European Union is undertaking a major policy experiment in market creation. ETS2 overlaps national emissions budgets and technology…
The abrupt shortage of natural gas imports during the 2022/2023 energy crisis following Russia’s war against Ukraine forced European countries to rapidly cut consumption. In response, governments and energy…
Investments in energy technologies are substantially governed by climate policy. We demonstrate analytically that price-based instruments, such as carbon-taxes, and quantity-based regulations, like emission…
Border carbon adjustments (BCAs) are becoming a central instrument in climate-trade policy to limit carbon leakage while protecting domestic industry. Their effectiveness, however, depends fundamentally on how…
