In many markets, firms are interlocked by the fact that either firms own shares of each other, or investors own shares of several competitors in the very same market. In this context, partial ownership is the…
The massive economic crisis 2008/09 had substantial impacts on the innovation activities of the German economy. The loss in sales and profits resulted in a sharp decline of innovation expenditure. While capital…
Vertical integration of electricity distribution network operator and electricity supplier is a key issue in European energy markets, in particular since the European Commission (EC) has initiated a sector…
German electricity submarkets for residential customers have been liberalized by the end of the 1990s. Since then a large number of new providers has entered former monopolistic markets, which are first and…
Although the pricing dynamics of hardcore cartels have been studied intensively from a theoretical perspective, empirical evidence is still rare. We combine publicly available data with a unique private data set…
Cartel detection is usually viewed as a key task of either competition authorities or compliance officials in firms with an elevated risk of cartelization. We argue that customers of hard core cartels can have…
