The MUP Indicators on business formation and closure provide time series on business formation and closure activity in Germany from 1995 onwards. Based on the Mannheim Enterprise Panel (MUP), the indicators are available for different industry classifications and geographical levels, including districts and independent cities, spatial planning regions, Chambers of Industry and Commerce (IHK) districts, metropolitan regions, federal states, East and West Germany, and Germany as a whole.

The indicators include business formation intensities (the number of business formations per 10,000 persons of working age, aged 18 to 65) and business closure rates (the number of business closures relative to the business population) for the respective region. The time series are updated regularly. Further information on the calculation of the indicators and data access is provided in the documentation of the MUP Indicators (in German).