How much has the German government spent on digital policy initiatives in recent years? This question cannot be answered ad hoc on the basis of the available data. The need for a centralised digital b
Disparities in carbon pricing between trade partners raise the risk of carbon leakage, whereby emissions shift from regions with stricter regulations to those with more lenient ones. To address th
Whether transaction costs to assemble or split land can persistently hinder urban land use remains unknown. Constructing a 100 m*100 m-cell-level dataset of central Tokyo from the 19th-century pre
How can Germany’s digital infrastructure be made future-proof? Federal Minister for Digital and Transport, Dr. Volker Wissing, addressed this question during his visit to ZEW on 8 May 2024. Over 200 g
The paper presented in this Mannheim Applied Seminar shows how white migration out of the postbellum South diffused and entrenched Confederate culture across the United States at a critical junctu
Modern society is characterized by a clear demarcation between work and personal life, where work involves an exchange of time and ”costly” effort for money. And yet, social scientists have long p
About half of government expenditure in the United States takes the form of government consumption (e.g., education, defense, infrastructure). In many studies of post-tax inequality based on the