1. Beiträge in Sammel- und Tagungsbänden // forthcoming

    Measuring Democracy

  2. Referierte Fachzeitschrift // forthcoming

    Birth Cohort Size Variation and the Estimation of Class Size Effects

    We show that in school systems with grade retention or redshirting birth cohort size is negatively related to the grade-level share of students who are too old for their grade. This compositional effect gives…

  3. ZEW Discussion Paper Nr. 25-032 // 2025

    The Heat Is On: An Exploratory Investigation of How Climate Change-Related Challenges Affect SMEs’ R&D Activities

    Climate change can cause major challenges for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Responding and adapting to such challenges is crucial, as SMEs are vital for driving economic growth and employment in…

  4. ZEW Discussion Paper Nr. 25-031 // 2025

    A KISS for Central Bank Communication in Times of High Inflation

    During the post-pandemic inflation surge, many central banks actively used communication about the inflation outlook as a policy tool to limit spillovers from realized to expected inflation. We present novel…

  5. ZEW-Dokumentation Nr. 25-01 // 2025

    Dokumentation zur Innovationserhebung 2024

    Das Leibniz-Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) erhebt seit 1993 jährlich die Innovationsaktivitäten der deutschen Wirtschaft. Die Erhebung findet im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Bildung…

  6. ZEW policy brief Nr. 25-05 // 2025

    Privater Solarstrom: Vorabförderung besser als Einspeisevergütung

    Ob Investoren/-innen Photovoltaikanlagen (PV-Anlagen) einführen, hängt stark davon ab, ob es sich für sie lohnt. Hierbei spielen Subventionen eine starke Rolle. Das deutsche Förderprogramm basiert aktuell auf…

  7. ZEW Discussion Paper Nr. 25-029 // 2025

    Patents, Trade Secrets and Performance Aspirations in Family Firms

    We investigate whether family ownership is associated with a preference for patents or trade secrets. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, we show that family ownership is negatively associated with patenting and…