We show that in school systems with grade retention or redshirting birth cohort size is negatively related to the grade-level share of students who are too old for their grade. This compositional effect gives…
We simulate the short- and long-term distributional consequences of COVID-19 in the four largest Latin American economies: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. We show that the short-term impact on income…
When customers purchase goods provided by public utilities, such as telecommunications, water, gas or electricity, the predominant payment system is pay-later billing. This paper tests the effectiveness of a…
