In the European Union, transport is the largest consumer of oil products and second largest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2); within the sector, road transport dominates in both regards. Consumer shift to…
Business start-ups and young enterprises introduce new products to the market and employ new processes for production. In order to create these new products and processes, firms often engage in R&D. Since…
Patents are frequently viewed as major policy tool in order to stimulate R&D. In recent years however, doubts emerged whether this is the case for all technology areas. Theoretical research has shown that when…
There is an increasing tension between the Iranian Government and the west on an increasingly likely European oil embargo and the Iranian threat to close the Strait of Hormuz. The main question is: What will…
We study how the shadow economy affects pollution and how this effect depends on corruption levels in public administration. Production in the shadow economy allows firms to avoid environmental regulation…
