ZEW expert briefs

China has set itself some very ambitious goals. It aims to become the world’s leading nation in science and technology (S&T) before 2050. According to the 14th five-year plan, China’s gross expenditures on…

Crowd work refers to the practice of assigning tasks and projects undertaken for payment to online contributors via digital platforms. We use data from a recent survey among companies in Germany and France to…

In 2020, firms expected their innovation expenditures to decrease by about 2% in 2020 compared to 2019. This decline is much smaller than that in 2009 following the financial crisis, when innovation expenditures…

Economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been an important issue in the public debate. In almost every country, stores and plants were closed and mobility severely restricted in order to contain the…

The COVID-19 pandemic has put the public finances of industrial countries under severe stress. The resulting recession has not only led to shortfalls in tax revenues but also to increased public expenditures.…