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Prof. Andrew Toole, PhD

Industrial Economics and International Management
Research Associate

Andrew Toole is a research economist at the Economic Research Service (ERS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and a research associate at the Center for European Economic Research (ZEW), Mannheim, Germany. His research focuses on how entrepreneurship, firm performance, and industry structure depend on public and private R&D investments, university research, training, and related science and technology policies. He has developed expertise in the evaluation of publicly funded life science research investment, particularly as it relates to the economics of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Toole also performs advisory work on science and technology policy issues for institutions such as the U.S. National Academies of Science and the U.S. National Institutes of Health. He earned his B.A. in Economics and Business Administration from Kalamazoo College and his M.A. and PhD in Economics from Michigan State University.

Further information on Prof. Andrew Toole, PhD

Selected Publications

Publications in refereed Journals

Czarnitzki, Dirk and Andrew Toole, PhD (2013), The R&D Investment-Uncertainty Relationship: Do Strategic Rivalry and Firm Size Matter?, Managerial and Decision Economics 34(1), 15-28.

Czarnitzki, Dirk and Andrew Toole, PhD (2011), Patent Protection, Market Uncertainty, and R&D Investment, Review of Economics and Statistics 93(1), 147-159.

Toole, PhD, Andrew and Dirk Czarnitzki (2010), Commercializing Science: Is there a university 'brain drain' from academic entrepreneurship?, Management Science 56, 1599-1614.

Czarnitzki, Dirk and Andrew Toole, PhD (2010), Is there a trade-off between academic research and faculty entrepreneurship? Evidence from U.S. NIH supported biomedical researchers, Economics of Innovation and New Technology 19(5/6), 505-520.

Toole, PhD, Andrew and Dirk Czarnitzki (2009), Exploring the Relationship Between Scientist Human Capital and Firm Performance: The Case of Biomedical Academic Entrepreneurs in the SBIR Program, Management Science 55(1), 101-114.

Toole, PhD, Andrew and Dirk Czarnitzki (2007), Biomedical Academic Entrepreneurship Through the SBIR Program, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 63, 716-738.

Czarnitzki, Dirk and Andrew Toole, PhD (2007), Business R&D and the interplay of R&D subsidies and product market uncertainty, Review of Industrial Organization 31(3), 169-181.

Monographs, Articles in Anthologies

Czarnitzki, Dirk and Andrew Toole, PhD (2009), R&D investment under uncertainty: the role of R&D subsidies and patent policy, in: Dominique Foray, The economics of technology policy, Cheltenham, 193-214.